Kidney Stones

Kidney stones are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. They can cause significant pain and discomfort as they move through the urinary tract.

Types of Kidney Stones

There are several types of kidney stones, including:

• Calcium stones: The most common type, usually made of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate.
• Struvite stones: Form in response to a urinary tract infection.
• Uric acid stones: Can occur in people with gout or those who are dehydrated.
• Cystine stones: A rare, inherited condition causes these stones.

Symptoms of Kidney Stones

Kidney stones can cause a range of symptoms, including:

• Severe pain, usually in the back or side, that may radiate to the groin
• Pain that comes in waves
• Nausea and vomiting
• Blood in the urine (hematuria)
• Frequent urination
• Painful urination
• Cloudy or foul-smelling urine

Causes of Kidney Stones

Several factors can increase the risk of kidney stones, including:

• Dehydration
• Diet high in sodium, protein, or oxalates
• Family history of kidney stones
• Certain medical conditions (e.g., hyperparathyroidism, inflammatory bowel disease)
• Some medications

Diagnosis of Kidney Stones

Diagnosing kidney stones may involve:

• Urine tests: To check for blood, infection, and crystals.
• Blood tests: To check kidney function and other factors.
• Imaging tests: Such as a CT scan or X-ray of the kidneys and ureters, to visualize the stones.

Treatment of Kidney Stones

Treatment for kidney stones depends on the size, location, and composition of the stone. Options include:

• Pain management: Medications to relieve pain.
• Increased fluid intake: To help flush the stone out.
• Medications: Such as alpha-blockers, to relax the ureter and make it easier for the stone to pass.
• Medical procedures:
  • Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL): Uses sound waves to break the stone into smaller pieces that can be passed.
  • Ureteroscopy: A thin scope is inserted into the ureter to remove or break the stone.
  • Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL): A small incision is made in the back to remove the stone directly from the kidney (used for larger stones).

Prevention of Kidney Stones

Preventing kidney stones involves:

• Staying well hydrated
• Adjusting your diet (e.g., limiting sodium, oxalates, and animal protein)
• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Managing underlying medical conditions

When to See a Urologist

If you experience symptoms of kidney stones, especially severe pain, blood in the urine, or difficulty urinating, see a urologist promptly.